In Martial Arts, what are the orders of the "belts", and how long does it take to get each belt?

Several of the arts you mention don't have belt ranks. those systems that do all have different numbers, and colors. There is not way to give a clear answer for each. That is because one style may have different belts at one school than another teaching "supposedly" the same thing. Commercialism has caused more and more schools to add more color belts to their rank system. This allows them two advantages,,, First they can promote more often keeping the students from dropping out. Second, they can charge for each promotion allowing them to make more money. It sucks but that is what has happened many places.